Here is a list of some of the most known/popular book awards. And don't forget to click the name to learn more about that specific award.
Neustadt International Prize for Literature
National Book Critics Circle Award
Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction
Michael L. Printz Award for Excellence in Young Adult Literature
List provided by Rocket Expansion
The awards given to books are all dependent on the type of award they are entered into.
For instance: The New York Time Best Sellers Award
Getting this award is based on sales of the book, the number of nominations, the content, and the popular vote.
While others like the Nobel Prize have stricter rules just for applying for the prize.
"The candidates eligible for the Literature Prize are those nominated by qualified persons (link above) who have received an invitation from the Nobel Committee to submit names for consideration. Other persons who are qualified to nominate but have not received invitations may also submit nominations. No one can nominate himself or herself."
Many prizes include a nomination entry, sometimes with an entry fee, and have genre-specific or word count restrictions, among other rules depending on the prize the person is entering.